Pyrethroid

A synthetic insecticide modeled on natural pyrethrins from chrysanthemum flowers. Pyrethroids disrupt voltage-gated sodium channels in insect nerves, causing paralysis and death.

Voltage-gated sodium channel: A membrane protein that opens to let sodium ions enter cells and generate electrical signals. Pyrethroids bind these channels and delay their closing, disrupting nerve impulses.
Permethrin: A synthetic pyrethroid insecticide used against insects and some parasitic arthropods. It is widely used in treated clothing, household products, and ectoparasite treatments.
Organophosphate: An insecticide class that inhibits acetylcholinesterase, disrupting nerve signaling. Organophosphates target a different part of insect nerve function than pyrethroids.
Honey bee: A social bee that pollinates flowering plants and produces honey. Pyrethroids can harm bees through exposure during or after pesticide application.
Chrysanthemum: A genus of flowering plants that includes species cultivated as ornamentals and sources of natural pyrethrins. Pyrethroid development began with insecticidal compounds found in chrysanthemum flowers.
Knockdown resistance: Heritable resistance to insecticides caused by changes in nerve-cell voltage-gated sodium channels. Channel mutations can reduce pyrethroid binding and make insects resistant.
Deltamethrin: A potent synthetic pyrethroid insecticide used in agriculture and vector control. Its strong insecticidal activity supports use in treated bed nets and indoor spraying.
Carbamate insecticide: An insecticide class that inhibits acetylcholinesterase, often reversibly. Carbamates provide a nerve-targeting alternative with a different enzyme target.
Aquatic toxicity: The harmful effects of chemicals on organisms living in water. Many pyrethroids are highly toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates at low concentrations.
Pyrethrum: A dried flower product, especially from Tanacetum cinerariifolium, used as a source of natural insecticides. Pyrethrum supplied the natural pyrethrins that inspired synthetic analogues.

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