Qing conquest of the Dzungar Khanate

The Qing campaigns of 1755–1759 that destroyed the Dzungar Khanate and brought its former territory under Qing rule.

Dzungar succession crisis: A struggle over leadership of the Dzungar Khanate after the death of Galdan Tseren in 1745. The crisis gave the Qing an opening to intervene in Dzungar politics.
Dzungar Khanate: A seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Oirat Mongol state based in the territory of modern eastern Kazakhstan and northwestern China. Its political structure and territory were the direct targets of the Qing campaigns.
Dzungar genocide: The mass killing, displacement, and epidemic mortality that devastated the Dzungar population during and after the Qing conquest. The collapse of the Dzungar state was accompanied by catastrophic population loss.
James Millward: An American historian of Qing China and Inner Asia, known for research on Xinjiang and Central Eurasia. His scholarship examines the conquest’s political context and cautions against simplified accounts.
Amursana: A Dzungar prince who allied with the Qing, then rebelled against Qing authority. His defection helped launch the invasion, while his later revolt prolonged the fighting.
Galdan Tseren: A ruler of the Dzungar Khanate from 1727 until his death in 1745. His death triggered the succession struggles that weakened the khanate before Qing invasion.
Xinjiang: A region of northwestern China that became a Qing frontier territory after the eighteenth-century conquest. The former Dzungar lands and southern oases were incorporated into the territory later called Xinjiang.
Peter C. Perdue: An American historian whose work studies Qing expansion, Inner Asia, and early modern empire. His research situates the campaigns within Qing state-building and Eurasian warfare.
Qianlong Emperor: The Qing emperor who ruled from 1735 to 1796 and directed the empire’s mid-eighteenth-century expansion. He authorized the campaigns and framed the destruction of the Dzungar state as an imperial objective.
Qing–Dzungar Wars: A series of conflicts between the Qing Empire and the Dzungar Khanate from the late seventeenth to mid-eighteenth century. The conquest was the final phase of a longer contest over Inner Asia.

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