Qiyas

Qiyas is a method of Islamic jurisprudence that extends a ruling from an established case to a new case because both share the same effective cause.

Aṣl: The original case in Islamic legal reasoning that has an established ruling. Qiyas begins with this precedent case and its established ruling.
Usul al-fiqh: The discipline that studies the sources and methods of Islamic jurisprudence. It provides the methodological framework in which qiyas is defined and assessed.
Istihsan: Juristic preference that departs from an apparent analogy for a stronger legal consideration. It can override a qiyas result when strict analogy would produce hardship or conflict with stronger evidence.
Al-Shafi'i: An influential Muslim jurist who systematized Sunni legal theory in the eighth and ninth centuries. His legal theory gave qiyas a prominent, disciplined place among sources of law.
Farʿ: The new case whose legal status is being determined by analogy. This is the case to which qiyas extends the precedent ruling.
Fiqh: The human understanding and practice of Islamic law. Qiyas is one method jurists use to derive fiqh rulings.
Maslaha: Consideration of public welfare in Islamic legal reasoning. Maslaha can ground a ruling in welfare rather than a precedent's shared effective cause.
Risala: A foundational work by al-Shafi'i on Islamic legal theory and interpretation. It presents a systematic account of analogical reasoning and its limits.
Ḥukm: A legal ruling or judgment in Islamic jurisprudence. The ruling attached to the original case is transferred to the new one.
Qur'an: The central religious text of Islam, regarded by Muslims as divine revelation. Its rulings supply foundational precedents from which jurists may reason by analogy.

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