Quantum Hall effect

The quantum Hall effect is the quantization of transverse conductance in a two-dimensional electron system under a strong magnetic field at low temperature, even when material details vary.

Landau quantization: The quantization of charged particles’ orbital energies in a magnetic field. It creates the discrete energy levels underlying Hall plateaus.
Integer quantum Hall effect: The quantum Hall regime in which Hall conductance is an integer multiple of the conductance quantum. It is the original plateau phenomenon explained by filled Landau levels.
Klaus von Klitzing: A German physicist who discovered the integer quantum Hall effect in 1980. His low-temperature measurements revealed exceptionally precise conductance plateaus.
Quantum Hall resistance standard: A resistance standard based on quantized Hall resistance in a two-dimensional electron system. Plateau values provide reproducible resistance references for metrology.
Landau level: A discrete energy level for a charged particle moving in a magnetic field. Filling these levels determines the integer Hall conductance.
Fractional quantum Hall effect: A quantum Hall regime in which Hall conductance is a fractional multiple of the conductance quantum. It shows that strong interactions produce states beyond the integer plateaus.
Daniel Tsui: A physicist who co-discovered the fractional quantum Hall effect with Horst Störmer. His 1982 measurements exposed fractional plateaus unexplained by the integer effect.
SI base units: The seven fundamental units of the International System of Units. The effect’s exact resistance quantum supports realizations of electrical units.
Chiral edge state: A one-directional conducting state localized at the boundary of a material. These channels carry current while suppressing backscattering between opposite edges.
Quantum anomalous Hall effect: Quantized Hall conductance arising without an external magnetic field. It realizes Hall quantization through magnetic order and band topology instead.

Linked from 35 pages