Quantum simulation

Quantum simulation uses a controllable quantum system to reproduce or study the behavior of another quantum system, especially when classical computation becomes impractical.

Analog quantum simulation: A quantum simulator directly engineers interactions that reproduce a target model’s dynamics. It encodes the target system in the simulator’s native interactions.
Quantum state: A mathematical description of a quantum system’s physical properties and probabilities. Simulation encodes target-system states in the simulator’s controllable degrees of freedom.
Fermi-Hubbard model: A lattice model describing fermions that hop between sites and interact when occupying the same site. It is a benchmark for simulating correlated electrons and possible high-temperature superconductivity.
Feynman’s universal quantum simulator: Richard Feynman’s proposal that a controllable quantum system could efficiently simulate other quantum systems. It articulated the foundational motivation for quantum simulation in 1982.
Quantum advantage: A demonstrated computational task on which a quantum device outperforms the best available classical methods. Simulation claims matter only when quantum devices exceed credible classical approaches on useful tasks.
Digital quantum simulation: A quantum computer approximates a target evolution through sequences of quantum gates. It builds simulated dynamics from discrete gate operations.
Quantum entanglement: A correlation between quantum systems that cannot be explained as a mixture of independent states. Entanglement lets a simulator reproduce correlations central to many-body quantum matter.
Quantum chemistry: The study of molecular structure and reactions using quantum-mechanical descriptions of electrons and nuclei. Simulating molecular Hamiltonians could reveal energies and reaction properties beyond classical reach.
Trapped-ion quantum simulator: A quantum simulator that uses ions confined by electromagnetic fields as controllable quantum bits. Trapped ions provide tunable interactions and precise control for engineered spin models.
Quantum error correction: Methods for protecting quantum information by encoding it across multiple physical qubits. Error correction could make long digital simulations reliable despite imperfect hardware.

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