Quranic orthography

Quranic orthography is the system of conventions used to spell and represent Quranic Arabic in writing. It includes the consonantal text, diacritical marks, and rules for writing particular words.

Arabic script: A writing system used for Arabic and several other languages, written from right to left. Quranic orthography uses its letter forms and right-to-left direction.
I‘jam: The placement of dots on Arabic letters to distinguish otherwise similar consonant shapes. Consonant dots disambiguate letters in Quranic writing.
Uthmanic codex: The standard written Quranic text associated with the caliph Uthman ibn Affan and the early Muslim community. The received rasm tradition is tied to the standardization associated with this codex.
Modern Standard Arabic orthography: The standardized spelling conventions used for contemporary formal Arabic. It often spells words differently from the inherited Quranic rasm.
Rasm: The consonantal skeleton of an Arabic word, written without most short-vowel marks. The early Quranic text’s rasm underlies later marked copies.
Harakat: Arabic vowel and pronunciation marks, including signs for short vowels, sukūn, and consonant doubling. These marks supply pronunciation information absent from the bare consonantal outline.
Uthman ibn Affan: The third caliph of the early Muslim community, traditionally associated with standardizing Quranic codices. His standardization is a key historical reference point for Quranic written forms.
Qira'at: The recognized traditions of Quranic reading, transmitted with differences in pronunciation and wording. Reading traditions can differ while remaining associated with a shared written consonantal text.
Arabic diacritics: Marks added to Arabic letters to indicate features such as short vowels, consonant doubling, or absence of a vowel. Quranic manuscripts use diacritics to clarify readings not fully shown by the rasm.
Maddah: A small wavy sign in Arabic script marking a prolonged vowel or a hamza combined with alif. Its use helps represent long-vowel and hamza patterns in Quranic copies.

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