Ram Janmabhoomi movement

The Ram Janmabhoomi movement is a Hindu nationalist campaign to build a temple to Rama at a disputed religious site in Ayodhya, India.

Babri Masjid: A mosque in Ayodhya, built in the sixteenth century and demolished by a Hindu nationalist mob in 1992. The movement focused on replacing this mosque with a temple at the site it identified as Rama’s birthplace.
Bharatiya Janata Party: An Indian political party founded in 1980 and associated with Hindu nationalism. The party made temple construction a prominent electoral issue and gained support through the campaign.
Demolition of the Babri Masjid: The destruction of the Babri Masjid by a Hindu nationalist mob on 6 December 1992. The movement’s most consequential mass action triggered violence and a national political crisis.
Indian secularism: A constitutional approach that treats India’s religious communities equally while permitting state engagement with religion. Its civic ideal of religious neutrality stands in tension with the movement’s Hindu-centered national claims.
Places of Worship Act, 1991: An Indian law preserving the religious character of places of worship as it stood on 15 August 1947, with an exception for Ayodhya. The Ayodhya exception makes the movement’s legal outcome distinct from the law’s general rule.
Ayodhya dispute: A religious and legal dispute over ownership and worship at a contested site in Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh. The movement became the political and religious mobilization surrounding this broader dispute.
L. K. Advani: An Indian politician who led the Bharatiya Janata Party’s 1990 Ram Rath Yatra. His procession became the campaign’s most prominent national mobilization effort.
1992–1993 Bombay riots: Communal riots in Bombay following the Babri Masjid demolition, in which more than 900 people died. The demolition associated with the movement was followed by deadly violence in Bombay.
Ramcharitmanas: A sixteenth-century Awadhi retelling of the Ramayana composed by Tulsidas. Its devotional account of Rama contrasts with political claims centered on the historical location of his birth.
Gyanvapi Mosque: A mosque in Varanasi that is the subject of litigation and dispute over its history and religious use. Its contested claims raise questions about whether the Ayodhya outcome will shape other site disputes.

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