Ramesses III

Ramesses III was the second pharaoh of Egypt’s Twentieth Dynasty, ruling about 1186–1155 BCE. He repelled invasions during the Late Bronze Age collapse, but his reign also saw economic strain and political crisis.

Battle of the Delta: A naval battle in which Ramesses III’s forces defeated an invading coalition near the Nile Delta. Its depiction at Medinet Habu records the tactics used against the Sea Peoples.
Turin Strike Papyrus: An Egyptian papyrus recording a workers’ strike at Deir el-Medina during Ramesses III’s reign. It documents delayed rations and labor unrest amid the state’s fiscal troubles.
Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt: The final dynasty of Egypt’s New Kingdom, ruling from the late thirteenth to the eleventh century BCE. Ramesses III was its second pharaoh and its last ruler to project strong military authority.
Papyrus Harris I: A long Egyptian papyrus listing gifts, land, and resources attributed to Ramesses III’s donations to temples. It presents the king’s own administration as a vast program of royal generosity.
Battle of Djahy: A land battle in southern Canaan in which Ramesses III fought forces identified as the Sea Peoples. The campaign’s reliefs present the land defense that preceded the decisive naval fighting.
Harem conspiracy of Ramesses III: A palace plot to kill Ramesses III and place Pentawer on the throne. The trial records reveal a succession crisis concealed behind the king’s public image.
Ramesses II: A pharaoh of Egypt’s Nineteenth Dynasty who ruled in the thirteenth century BCE and built extensively. Ramesses III adopted the name of this celebrated predecessor to invoke royal continuity.
Medinet Habu inscriptions: Hieroglyphic texts and reliefs on Ramesses III’s temple recounting his campaigns and royal achievements. They are the principal surviving narrative of his wars against external enemies.
Sea Peoples: A group of seaborne peoples named in Egyptian records as attackers during the Late Bronze Age collapse. They were the principal adversaries in Ramesses III’s invasion campaigns.
Ramesses IV: The son and successor of Ramesses III, who ruled Egypt after his father’s death. His accession followed the harem conspiracy and a contested royal succession.

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