Ramesside period

The era of Egypt’s Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasties, named for rulers bearing the name Ramesses. It spans the New Kingdom’s final phase, from Seti I’s accession around 1294 BCE to the end of the Twentieth Dynasty around 1070 BCE.

Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt: An Egyptian dynasty founded by Ramesses I that ruled during the late New Kingdom. Its kings, including Seti I and Ramesses II, established the period’s characteristic royal power.
Ramesses II: A Nineteenth Dynasty pharaoh who ruled Egypt for about 66 years and fought the Hittites at Kadesh. His long reign became the period’s best-known model of royal power and monumental building.
Battle of Kadesh: A major battle between Egypt and the Hittite Empire, fought during Ramesses II’s reign around 1274 BCE. Its competing accounts show how warfare and royal propaganda reinforced Ramesside kingship.
Abu Simbel temples: Two rock-cut temples built by Ramesses II in Nubia and dedicated to Egyptian gods and the king. Their scale and placement show how royal building asserted Egyptian power in the south.
Sea Peoples: A modern collective name for groups recorded as attacking eastern Mediterranean states around the end of the Bronze Age. Ramesses III’s inscriptions describe battles against these groups amid wider regional upheaval.
Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt: An Egyptian dynasty that ruled after the Nineteenth Dynasty and included Ramesses III through Ramesses XI. Its declining authority and final king mark the period’s close.
Ramesses III: A Twentieth Dynasty pharaoh who repelled invasions and built a major mortuary temple at Medinet Habu. His reign was the last period of strong central rule in the Twentieth Dynasty.
Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty: A surviving treaty between Ramesses II of Egypt and Hattusili III of the Hittite Empire. It records the diplomacy that followed decades of conflict over imperial borders.
Ramesseum: The mortuary temple of Ramesses II on the west bank of the Nile at Thebes. Its reliefs and ruins preserve evidence of the king’s cult and monumental program.
Late Bronze Age collapse: The widespread disruption of eastern Mediterranean societies around the end of the second millennium BCE. The Ramesside period’s later crises formed part of this broader regional transformation.

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