Reality

Reality is the totality of what exists, independent of how it is perceived, described, or imagined. Its nature and knowability are central questions in philosophy.

Metaphysics: The branch of philosophy that investigates being, existence, identity, causation, and the basic structure of the world. Metaphysics asks what reality contains and what its deepest structure is.
Perception: The process by which sensory systems organize information into experiences of objects and events. Perception provides access to reality while also raising questions about its limits.
Scientific realism: The view that successful scientific theories describe a world existing independently of scientific inquiry. It extends realism to the unobservable entities and structures posited by science.
The problem of universals: The philosophical problem of explaining how general properties apply to distinct particular things. It asks whether shared properties are real entities or products of thought and language.
Ontology: The study of being and existence, including what kinds of things there are. Ontology focuses the broad question of reality on what exists.
Appearance and reality: The distinction between how something seems and how it is independently of that seeming. This distinction captures the gap between perceived reality and what exists.
Constructive empiricism: Bas van Fraassen's view that science aims at empirical adequacy rather than truth about unobservable entities. It accepts observable success without requiring belief in every theoretical entity.
The mind–body problem: The problem of explaining how mental phenomena relate to bodies and physical processes. Its answers determine whether reality is purely physical or includes irreducibly mental features.
Realism: The view that at least some features of the world exist independently of thought or perception. Realism directly affirms reality's independence from observers.
Truth: A property of statements, beliefs, or propositions that correctly represent how things are. Truth concerns whether descriptions match reality, not merely whether they feel convincing.

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