Recep Tayyip Erdoğan

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan is a Turkish politician who has served as Turkey’s president since 2014 and was prime minister from 2003 to 2014.

Istanbul: Turkey’s largest city, spanning the Bosporus between Europe and Asia. Erdoğan served as Istanbul’s mayor from 1994 to 1998, building a national political profile.
President of Turkey: The head-of-state office of the Republic of Turkey. Erdoğan became the first Turkish president elected by popular vote in 2014.
Abdullah Gül: A Turkish politician who served as president from 2007 to 2014 and co-founded the Justice and Development Party. Gül was Erdoğan’s close political ally and preceded him as president.
2016 Turkish coup attempt: An unsuccessful military coup attempt in Turkey on 15 July 2016. The failed coup was followed by an extensive state of emergency and sweeping dismissals.
Welfare Party: A Turkish Islamist political party that became a major force in the 1990s. Erdoğan’s early political career developed within this party and its Istanbul organization.
Prime Minister of Turkey: The head-of-government office in Turkey before its abolition in 2018. Erdoğan held the office from 2003 until Turkey replaced the parliamentary system.
Necmettin Erbakan: A Turkish politician who led Islamist political movements and served as prime minister in 1996–1997. Erbakan’s political movement shaped the milieu from which Erdoğan’s early career emerged.
State of emergency in Turkey, 2016–2018: A nationwide Turkish state of emergency imposed after the 2016 coup attempt and lifted in 2018. Its decrees and mass removals intensified debate about executive power under Erdoğan.
Justice and Development Party: A Turkish political party founded in 2001, commonly known by its Turkish acronym AKP. Erdoğan co-founded the party, which has led Turkey’s government since 2002.
2017 Turkish constitutional referendum: A referendum that approved constitutional amendments replacing Turkey’s parliamentary system with an executive presidency. The amendments transformed the powers of the office Erdoğan later held under the new system.

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