Recombinant protein

A protein produced by expressing engineered genetic material in a chosen host cell or organism. Its sequence can be natural, modified, or assembled from multiple sources.

Recombinant DNA: DNA molecules assembled from genetic material originating from different sources. The engineered DNA construct carries the instructions that host cells express.
Recombinant insulin: Insulin produced by genetically engineered cells using DNA encoding human insulin. It was an early major medicine made at scale through recombinant expression.
Host cell: A cell used to maintain or express introduced genetic material. The host supplies the machinery and cellular environment for protein production.
Protein extraction: The recovery of proteins from cells, tissues, or biological fluids. Extraction obtains proteins from existing biological material rather than engineered expression.
Expression vector: A DNA vehicle designed to deliver and express a gene in a host cell. Its regulatory elements and selectable markers shape production of the target protein.
Recombinant human growth hormone: Human growth hormone produced using genetically engineered host cells. It replaced pituitary-derived hormone for treating growth hormone deficiency.
Escherichia coli: A bacterium widely used in genetics, biotechnology, and protein production. Its rapid growth and well-developed tools make it a common expression host.
Chemical synthesis of proteins: The assembly of protein chains through stepwise chemical reactions. Chemical synthesis can bypass host cells, especially for short or modified chains.
Gene expression: The process by which information in a gene is used to produce RNA or protein. Host cells transcribe and translate the inserted gene to make the protein.
Monoclonal antibody: An antibody preparation whose molecules recognize the same specific target. Many therapeutic antibodies are manufactured by expressing antibody genes in cultured cells.

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