Reconquista

The centuries-long expansion of Christian kingdoms into Muslim-ruled territories of the Iberian Peninsula, conventionally dated from the eighth-century conquest to the fall of Granada in 1492.

Umayyad conquest of Hispania: The Muslim conquest that brought most of the Iberian Peninsula under Islamic rule beginning in 711. It created the Muslim-ruled territories against which later Christian expansion advanced.
Taifa: An independent Muslim-ruled principality that emerged in Iberia after the collapse of the Caliphate of Córdoba. Rival taifa rulers sometimes paid tribute or sought Christian allies, changing the balance of power.
Pelagius of Asturias: A leader associated with the early Christian polity of Asturias and the Battle of Covadonga. His later reputation linked Asturian origins to the Reconquista's founding story.
Fall of Granada: The surrender of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada to Ferdinand and Isabella in January 1492. It ended Muslim political rule in Iberia and is commonly used as the Reconquista's endpoint.
Convivencia: A modern term for the coexistence of Muslim, Christian, and Jewish communities in medieval Iberia. It foregrounds interaction that a purely military account of the Reconquista can obscure.
Battle of Covadonga: An eighth-century battle in Asturias traditionally treated as an early Christian victory against Muslim forces in Iberia. Later accounts made this disputed early encounter a symbolic starting point.
Parias: Tribute payments made by Muslim taifa rulers to Christian kings in medieval Iberia. These payments financed Christian courts and armies while delaying some conquests.
Alfonso VI of León and Castile: A king who captured Toledo in 1085 and ruled León and Castile. The capture of Toledo under his rule was a major expansion into central Iberia.
Alhambra Decree: A 1492 edict ordering Jews to convert to Christianity or leave the crowns of Castile and Aragon. The decree accompanied the Granada conquest and transformed Iberian Jewish life.
Crusades: Medieval Christian military campaigns, especially those aimed at gaining control of the Holy Land. The Reconquista intersected with crusading ideas but unfolded within Iberian political struggles.

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