Red Terror

The Red Terror was a campaign of political repression and mass killing launched by Ethiopia’s Derg government in 1977, targeting suspected opponents, especially young urban activists.

Derg: Ethiopia’s military government, which ruled from 1974 to 1991 after overthrowing Emperor Haile Selassie. The Derg declared the campaign and used state institutions to carry it out.
Ethiopian Revolution: The upheaval beginning in 1974 that ended imperial rule and brought Ethiopia’s military Derg to power. The Red Terror grew from the revolution’s unresolved struggle over who would govern.
Ethiopian Red Terror Martyrs' Memorial Museum: A museum in Addis Ababa dedicated to victims of the Red Terror and the memory of state violence. Its exhibits preserve testimony and objects associated with the campaign’s victims.
White Terror: A name used for anti-communist political repression and violence in several countries, including postwar Hungary and Greece. The opposing color label marks a different political alignment and historical setting.
Kebeles: Urban neighborhood associations in Ethiopia that handled local administration and security under the Derg. Kebeles monitored residents and helped identify people accused of opposing the government.
Ethiopian Student Movement: A broad movement of Ethiopian students whose activism challenged imperial rule and shaped revolutionary politics. Student activists became prominent targets as the Derg sought to suppress independent political organizing.
Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front: A coalition of armed movements that overthrew the Derg in 1991 and governed Ethiopia afterward. Its victory ended Derg rule and opened the way for trials of former officials.
Red Terror in Russia: A campaign of Bolshevik political repression during the Russian Civil War, especially from 1918 to 1922. The Ethiopian campaign borrowed a revolutionary label but arose in a separate conflict decades later.
All-Ethiopia Socialist Movement: A Marxist political organization in Ethiopia that initially supported the Derg before becoming a target of repression. Its shifting relationship with the government shows how accusations of political disloyalty widened.
Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party: A Marxist-Leninist organization that opposed the Derg and sought power through revolution. Its armed and political opposition helped precipitate the campaign’s escalation.

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