Regenerative braking

Regenerative braking slows a vehicle by converting kinetic energy into electrical energy and storing it for later use, rather than dissipating all of it as heat.

Electric motor: A device that converts electrical energy into mechanical motion, or mechanical motion into electrical energy. Driven by the wheels, it acts as a generator during regenerative braking.
Regenerative braking in electric vehicles: The use of an electric vehicle’s traction motor to recover energy while slowing the vehicle. Battery-electric vehicles can return recovered braking energy directly to their traction batteries.
Electric vehicle battery: A rechargeable battery that stores electrical energy to power an electric vehicle. It is the principal storage destination for recovered energy in battery-electric vehicles.
Antilock braking system: A vehicle safety system that prevents wheel lockup by automatically modulating brake pressure. It coordinates with regenerative braking when traction limits require controlled braking force.
Well-to-wheel efficiency: A measure of energy efficiency that includes both energy production and its use to move a vehicle. Recovered energy can improve overall efficiency, though conversion losses limit the gain.
Electromagnetic induction: The production of electric voltage when magnetic flux through a conductor changes. This physical effect enables a rotating motor to generate current as the vehicle slows.
Hybrid electric vehicle: A vehicle propelled by both an internal-combustion engine and an electric motor. Hybrids use regenerative braking to recharge their batteries and reduce fuel consumption.
Lithium-ion battery: A rechargeable battery that stores and releases energy through the movement of lithium ions between electrodes. Its charging limits constrain how much braking energy a vehicle can capture at a given moment.
Blended braking: A braking control strategy that combines regenerative and friction braking to meet a requested deceleration. It smooths the transition between energy recovery and mechanical braking.
Brake fade: A reduction in braking effectiveness caused by excessive heat in friction-brake components. Regenerative braking can reduce friction-brake heating during repeated deceleration.

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