Regime change

Regime change is the replacement of a government or political system by another. It may result from domestic upheaval, external pressure, or foreign intervention.

Revolution: A mass political upheaval that seeks to overthrow or fundamentally transform an existing order. Revolutions can replace governments and reshape political systems through broad domestic mobilization.
Iranian coup of 1953: The overthrow of Iranian prime minister Mohammad Mosaddegh in a 1953 coup backed by the United States and Britain. It is a prominent case of covert foreign involvement replacing a national government.
State-building: The creation or strengthening of institutions that enable a state to govern and provide public order. Successor authorities often face the task of rebuilding institutions weakened or dismantled during regime change.
Government transition: A transfer of executive authority from one governing team to another within an existing political system. Unlike regime change, ordinary transitions can leave the system's fundamental rules intact.
Sovereignty: The authority of a state to govern itself and control its territory without external subordination. Foreign-led regime change directly tests claims that states control their own political order.
Coup d'état: A sudden seizure of state power, typically by military or political insiders. A coup changes who governs without necessarily replacing the wider political system.
Guatemalan coup of 1954: The overthrow of Guatemalan president Jacobo Árbenz in 1954 after a CIA-backed operation. It shows how external pressure and covert action can displace an elected government.
Nation-building: Efforts to foster a shared national identity and political community, sometimes alongside state-building. Political reconstruction can fail when new institutions lack broad social acceptance.
Democratic transition: A shift from authoritarian rule toward a political system with competitive elections and civil liberties. This describes a specific direction of change, rather than every replacement of a regime.
Responsibility to Protect: A political commitment that states should protect populations from mass atrocities, with international action contemplated when they fail. Its principles can justify pressure or intervention that may contribute to a government's removal.

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