Regional inequality

Regional inequality is the uneven distribution of income, employment, opportunity, and public resources across places within a country or larger territory.

Agglomeration economies: Productivity gains that arise when firms and workers cluster near one another. Clustering can concentrate jobs, investment, and wages in already prosperous regions.
Regional gross domestic product: The value of goods and services produced within a defined region over a period. It permits comparisons of economic output between regions, though not household living standards.
Regional convergence: A narrowing of economic or social differences between regions over time. It is the opposite trend to persistent or widening regional inequality.
Internal migration: The movement of people from one location to another within the same country. People may leave regions with fewer jobs or services for places offering better prospects.
Cumulative causation: A process in which an initial advantage triggers changes that strengthen that advantage over time. Migration, investment, and demand can feed back to widen regional gaps.
Gini coefficient: A statistical measure of inequality in a distribution, ranging from perfect equality to maximal concentration. It can summarize inequality in regional incomes or other measured outcomes.
Regional divergence: A widening of economic or social differences between regions over time. It describes the growing gaps that regional inequality measures capture.
Brain drain: The loss of skilled or highly educated people from a place through migration. Outmigration can further weaken the workforce and institutions of disadvantaged regions.
Core–periphery model: A model of spatial development organized around a dominant center and less powerful surrounding areas. It describes how economic activity and decision-making become concentrated in regional cores.
Purchasing power parity: A method of comparing purchasing power by adjusting for differences in local prices. Price adjustments make income comparisons across regions more meaningful.

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