Reinforcement

Reinforcement is a consequence that increases the future likelihood of a behavior. It can add a stimulus or remove one, and is defined by its effect on behavior.

Positive reinforcement: A consequence that increases behavior by presenting a stimulus after it occurs. It is the form of reinforcement that adds a stimulus following behavior.
Punishment (psychology): A consequence that decreases the future likelihood of a behavior. Punishment, unlike reinforcement, is defined by a decrease in behavior.
Behavior: An action or response of an organism that can be observed or measured. Reinforcement is identified by changes in the likelihood of a behavior.
Token economy: A system in which tokens are earned for specified behavior and exchanged for other rewards. Tokens function as conditioned reinforcers in a structured behavior-change program.
B. F. Skinner: An American psychologist who developed radical behaviorism and experimental analysis of behavior. His work systematized the study of consequences that strengthen operant behavior.
Negative reinforcement: A consequence that increases behavior by removing, reducing, or preventing an aversive stimulus. It increases behavior through stimulus removal rather than stimulus addition.
Extinction (psychology): A decline in a learned behavior when its previously effective consequence is no longer provided. Withholding a reinforcer can reduce behavior, but is not itself reinforcement.
Stimulus: An event or condition that can affect an organism's behavior or physiological state. Positive and negative reinforcement differ in whether a stimulus is presented or removed.
Behavioral activation: A psychotherapy approach that increases engagement with activities linked to valued or rewarding outcomes. It uses planned contact with positive consequences to counter patterns of withdrawal.
Edward Thorndike: An American psychologist whose animal-learning experiments helped establish the law of effect. The law of effect anticipated the account of behavior strengthened by its consequences.

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