Relativism

Relativism is the view that truth, knowledge, or standards depend on a framework, context, or perspective rather than holding universally. Its forms differ over which judgments are relative and what makes them so.

Truth: Truth is the property of statements or beliefs that correctly represent how things are. Relativism asks whether truth can vary with a framework or perspective.
Subjectivism: Subjectivism makes truth or value depend on an individual subject's attitudes or experiences. Relativism may invoke shared cultural or conceptual frameworks rather than individual preference.
Moral relativism: Moral relativism holds that moral judgments or standards depend on a culture, society, or other framework. It applies relativism to right and wrong rather than truth in general.
Protagoras: Protagoras was a fifth-century BCE Greek sophist associated with the claim that humans are the measure of things. His surviving dictum is an early source for arguments that perception or judgment sets standards.
Ethnocentrism: Ethnocentrism evaluates other cultures through the assumptions and standards of one's own culture. Cultural relativism arose partly as a methodological check against this bias.
Objectivity: Objectivity is independence from an individual's beliefs, feelings, or standpoint. Relativism challenges some claims to viewpoint-independent validity.
Cultural pluralism: Cultural pluralism recognizes the coexistence and value of distinct cultural traditions within a society. Respecting cultural difference does not by itself entail that moral truth is relative.
Epistemic relativism: Epistemic relativism holds that standards of knowledge or justification depend on a framework or community. It asks whether rational belief is judged by standards that vary among frameworks.
Pyrrhonism: Pyrrhonism is an ancient Greek tradition of skepticism that suspends judgment about disputed claims. Its suspension of judgment differs from affirming that truth varies among frameworks.
Tolerance: Tolerance is the willingness to permit beliefs or practices one disapproves of, within limits. Relativism is often invoked to support tolerance, though that conclusion requires additional arguments.

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