Religious violence

Religious violence is violence justified, motivated, or organized through religious beliefs, institutions, identities, or conflicts. It includes acts by individuals, groups, and states, with religion interacting with political and social causes.

Sacred violence: Violence understood or represented as authorized by sacred powers, duties, or purposes. Sacred authorization can make violence appear obligatory or morally permitted.
Crusades: A series of medieval campaigns, often authorized by the papacy, to secure Christian control of sacred sites and territories. They became enduring examples of warfare framed through religious duty and sacred geography.
Political violence: Violence used to pursue, defend, or contest political power and arrangements. Religious violence can also be political, but this broader concept does not require religion.
Transitional justice: Legal and political measures used to address abuses during transitions from conflict or authoritarian rule. It offers tools for addressing violence and its legacies after conflict.
Religious nationalism: A political ideology that fuses national identity with religious identity or authority. It can turn disputes over territory and sovereignty into religiously framed struggles.
French Wars of Religion: Civil wars in France between Catholics and Protestants from 1562 to 1598. They show confessional division becoming entangled with dynastic rivalry and state authority.
Terrorism: The use or threat of violence against civilians to pursue political aims through fear. Some religiously framed violence is called terrorism, but the categories are not identical.
Truth commission: An official body that investigates and documents patterns of past human-rights abuses. Truth commissions can record religiously targeted violence and recognize survivors' experiences.
Sectarianism: Political or social division organized around competing religious communities or interpretations. Sectarian boundaries can determine who is targeted and how conflict is mobilized.
Thirty Years' War: A European war from 1618 to 1648 that began within the Holy Roman Empire and expanded across Europe. Its confessional origins became intertwined with dynastic and geopolitical competition.

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