Reparations

Reparations are measures intended to repair harm caused by a wrongful act. They can include restitution, compensation, rehabilitation, satisfaction, and guarantees of non-repetition.

State responsibility: The legal responsibility of a state for conduct attributable to it that breaches an international obligation. Reparations are a central consequence of a state's internationally wrongful act.
International Law Commission Articles on State Responsibility: A 2001 set of articles describing the legal consequences of internationally wrongful acts by states. Articles 31 and 34–37 set out the duty to make full reparation and its forms.
German reparations for the Holocaust: Payments and other measures by West Germany and later Germany addressing Nazi persecution and the Holocaust. The program combined payments to survivors with agreements involving Israel and Jewish organizations.
Punitive damages: Damages awarded chiefly to punish a defendant and deter similar conduct, rather than compensate for loss. Reparations primarily aim to repair harm, not impose punishment.
Restitution: A remedy that restores the situation that existed before a wrongful act. It is the preferred form of reparation when restoration is possible.
Chorzów Factory case: A 1928 Permanent Court of International Justice case establishing a classic formulation of full reparation. Its standard links the remedy to wiping out the consequences of the wrongful act.
Japanese American redress: The United States' 1988 program acknowledging and compensating surviving Japanese Americans incarcerated during World War II. The Civil Liberties Act paired individual payments with an official apology.
Restorative justice: An approach to justice that centers repairing harm through the participation of affected people and communities. It can guide reparative processes but is a broader approach to justice.
Compensation: A monetary remedy for financially assessable harm caused by a wrongful act. It addresses loss that restitution cannot fully repair.
Causation: The relationship by which one event or act produces or contributes to an outcome. A remedy's scope depends on which harms are sufficiently connected to the wrongful act.

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