Republic of China

A state founded in 1912 that governed mainland China until 1949 and has since governed Taiwan and several smaller islands. Its constitutional name remains the Republic of China.

Xinhai Revolution: The 1911 revolution that ended the Qing dynasty and led to the Republic of China. It toppled the dynasty whose collapse made the republic possible.
Constitution of the Republic of China: The 1947 constitution that establishes the Republic of China’s governmental structure and rights framework. It supplied the constitutional order retained after the government relocated to Taiwan.
People's Republic of China: The state founded in 1949 that governs mainland China. It claims China’s sovereignty while the Republic of China governs Taiwan.
February 28 incident: The 1947 uprising in Taiwan and its violent suppression by Republic of China authorities. It deepened tensions between the incoming government and Taiwan’s local population.
Qing dynasty: China’s last imperial dynasty, which ruled from 1644 until 1912. The republic replaced this dynasty after its final crisis.
Kuomintang: A Chinese political party founded in 1919 that governed the Republic of China for much of its history. Its rule shaped both the mainland republic and Taiwan’s postwar government.
One-China policy: A diplomatic framework under which states recognize or acknowledge a single China, with differing positions on its representation and status. Foreign governments navigate competing claims made by Beijing and Taipei through varied versions of this policy.
White Terror (Taiwan): The period of political repression in Taiwan under Kuomintang rule, especially from 1949 to 1987. It was a consequence of the republic’s authoritarian rule on the island.
Sun Yat-sen: A Chinese revolutionary and political leader who helped found the Republic of China. He became the republic’s provisional president in 1912.
Five-Power Constitution: A constitutional design that divides government into executive, legislative, judicial, examination, and control branches. The Republic of China constitution incorporates this distinctive five-branch arrangement.

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