Knowra Republic of Turkey Republic of Turkey The Republic of Turkey is a sovereign state founded in 1923 in Anatolia after the abolition of the Ottoman sultanate. Its history spans a major transformation from a post-imperial republic to a modern state.
Ottoman Empire : A state founded around 1300 that grew into a vast empire spanning southeastern Europe, western Asia, and North Africa. Its defeat in World War I and dissolution created the conditions for a successor republic.
Constitution of Turkey : The supreme legal framework defining Turkey's state institutions, rights, and system of government. Successive constitutions have reshaped the republic's political structure.
Atatürk's Reforms : The political, legal, and social changes introduced in Turkey under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, especially during the 1920s and 1930s. They recast institutions and public life around a secular national republic.
Ottoman Caliphate : The Ottoman dynasty's claim to leadership of the Sunni Muslim community, especially prominent from the sixteenth century until 1924. The republic abolished the caliphate in 1924, ending a major institution of Ottoman religious authority.
Turkish War of Independence : The conflict from 1919 to 1923 in which Turkish nationalists resisted foreign occupation and sought sovereignty. Its nationalist movement established the political authority that founded the republic.
Grand National Assembly of Turkey : Turkey's unicameral national legislature, responsible for making laws and exercising parliamentary authority. It proclaimed the republic and remains the central legislative institution.
Secularism in Turkey : The principle and practice of separating religious authority from state institutions in Turkey. Republican governments dismantled the caliphate and placed religious institutions under state oversight.
Treaty of Sèvres : The 1920 treaty that proposed partitioning the Ottoman Empire after World War I but was never implemented. Its proposed settlement contrasted with the sovereign state secured at Lausanne.
Treaty of Lausanne : The 1923 treaty that recognized the sovereignty and international boundaries of the Republic of Turkey. It replaced the unratified Treaty of Sèvres and secured international recognition.
President of Turkey : The head of state of Turkey, elected nationally under the country's constitutional system. The presidency's powers expanded substantially when Turkey adopted an executive presidential system.
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