Research methodology

Research methodology is the systematic study and justification of methods used to design, conduct, and evaluate research. It examines how evidence is produced and what supports claims made from it.

Research methods: Procedures and techniques used to collect, analyze, and interpret data in a study. Methodology evaluates and justifies the particular methods a study uses.
Sampling (statistics): The selection of units from a population to study or measure. Sampling determines which cases can support a study's conclusions.
Quantitative research: Research that represents observations numerically and analyzes them with mathematical or statistical techniques. It emphasizes measurement and comparison where interpretive approaches may prioritize meaning.
Research ethics: Principles and practices governing the responsible treatment of research participants, data, and communities. Methodological choices must protect participants and justify potential risks.
John Dewey: An American philosopher and educator whose work developed pragmatism and an account of inquiry as problem-solving. His philosophy connects methodological choices to the practical problems inquiry addresses.
Research design: The plan that links a research question to data collection, analysis, and conclusions. It turns methodological choices into a coherent structure for a study.
Measurement: The assignment of values or categories to attributes according to defined rules. Operationalizing concepts makes observations usable as evidence.
Qualitative research: Research that studies meanings, experiences, or processes through non-numeric data and interpretive analysis. It offers a contrasting approach to questions that resist reduction to numerical measures.
Validity (statistics): The degree to which evidence and procedures support the interpretation or use of results. It evaluates whether a study's measures and conclusions fit their intended purpose.
Karl Popper: An Austrian-British philosopher of science known for emphasizing falsifiability as a criterion of scientific theories. His account made testing and potential refutation central to methodological debate.

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