Resource nationalism

Resource nationalism is the pursuit of greater national control or public benefit from natural resources through government policy, ownership, taxation, or regulation.

Nationalization: The transfer of privately owned assets into government ownership. Governments can nationalize mines or oil fields to take direct control of production and revenues.
Mexican oil expropriation: Mexico's 1938 seizure of foreign-owned oil assets and creation of a state oil industry. It became a landmark assertion of national control over petroleum.
Resource curse: The pattern in which resource-rich economies experience weak growth, instability, or poor governance. Resource revenues can intensify corruption and dependence when institutions manage them poorly.
Privatization: The transfer of assets or services from government ownership or control to private actors. Privatization moves in the opposite direction from policies seeking greater state control.
Royalties: Payments made to a rights holder in exchange for extracting or using a resource. Higher royalties let governments capture more resource value without taking ownership.
Saudi Aramco nationalization: Saudi Arabia's gradual acquisition of full ownership of the Arabian American Oil Company, completed in 1980. It shows how control shifted through negotiated stakes before full state ownership.
Dutch disease: Economic decline in other tradable sectors following a resource boom and currency appreciation. Large resource revenues can make manufacturing and other exports less competitive.
Economic liberalization: The reduction of government restrictions on markets, trade, and private economic activity. Liberalization generally expands private access, while resource nationalism may reserve access for national interests.
Production-sharing agreement: A contract dividing extracted resources between a government and a company after specified costs or conditions. These contracts let states retain resource ownership while sharing production with operators.
Chile's nationalization of copper: Chile's 1971 transfer of major large-scale copper mines into state ownership. Copper nationalization linked resource control to national sovereignty and public revenue.

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