Retraction

A formal notice that a published scholarly work should no longer be relied upon as part of the literature. It corrects the scholarly record without necessarily establishing why the work became unreliable.

Retraction notice: A publisher-issued statement documenting the withdrawal of a published scholarly work from the reliable literature. It is the formal record that communicates a retraction and its stated reasons.
Correction (publishing): A published amendment that fixes errors in a scholarly work while leaving the work in the literature. A correction addresses limited errors without withdrawing the work as a whole.
Research misconduct: Fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, or other serious breaches of responsible research practice. Misconduct can make findings unreliable, but retractions also occur for honest errors.
Wakefield MMR autism fraud: A discredited 1998 Lancet paper linking the MMR vaccine to autism, fully retracted in 2010. Its retraction followed findings of serious ethical and scientific misconduct.
Retracted article: A scholarly work whose publication has been formally retracted by its journal or publisher. The article often remains accessible, raising questions about access and clear status labeling.
Committee on Publication Ethics: An organization that develops guidance and resources for editors and publishers on publication ethics. Its guidelines shape how journals investigate concerns and publish retraction notices.
Expression of concern: A journal notice warning that a published work is under investigation or may be unreliable. It can precede a retraction when concerns remain unresolved.
Scientific fraud: Deliberate deception in the production or reporting of scientific research. Fraud is one possible cause of retraction, not a conclusion implied by every notice.
Hwang Woo-suk stem cell fraud: A South Korean stem-cell researcher whose prominent cloning claims were discredited after fabricated results were exposed. The investigation led to retractions of papers reporting fabricated stem-cell findings.
Retraction stigma: The tendency to treat any retraction as proof of deliberate misconduct or professional failure. Stigma can discourage authors from correcting the record even when errors are honest.

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