Rheology

Rheology studies how materials deform and flow under applied forces, including behaviors that combine elastic and viscous responses.

Stress (mechanics): Stress is internal force per unit area within a material. Rheological models relate applied stress to the resulting deformation and flow.
Viscosity: Viscosity measures a fluid’s resistance to flow under an applied shear. It is the basic flow-resistance quantity that rheology generalizes beyond simple fluids.
Rheometer: A rheometer measures how a material flows or deforms under controlled forces or motion. It applies controlled stresses or strains to determine material response.
Newtonian fluid: A Newtonian fluid has shear stress proportional to shear rate, with viscosity independent of that rate. It is the simple-fluid limit against which non-Newtonian responses are distinguished.
Eugene C. Bingham: Eugene C. Bingham was an American chemist who helped establish modern rheology and studied non-Newtonian flow. His work on concentrated suspensions helped shape the field’s early scope.
Strain (materials science): Strain is the relative deformation of a material compared with its original dimensions. It quantifies deformation in the stress–strain relationships rheology studies.
Elasticity (physics): Elasticity is the ability of a material to recover its shape after deformation. It supplies the purely recoverable limit against which mixed responses are described.
Polymer processing: Polymer processing transforms polymers into products through operations such as extrusion, molding, and spinning. Melt rheology determines how polymers move through equipment and form products.
Non-Newtonian fluid: A non-Newtonian fluid has a stress–flow relationship that is not described by constant-viscosity Newtonian behavior. Its rate-dependent or history-dependent behavior is a major subject of rheology.
Markus Reiner: Markus Reiner was a rheologist who helped develop the field’s theory and terminology. He helped define rheology as the study of deformation and flow.

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