Richard II of England

Richard II was king of England from 1377 until his deposition in 1399. His conflict with powerful nobles and overthrow by Henry Bolingbroke ended the Plantagenet line’s direct rule and began the Lancastrian dynasty.

Henry Bolingbroke: Henry Bolingbroke was an English nobleman who became King Henry IV after overthrowing Richard II in 1399. His return from exile turned opposition to Richard into a successful claim to the throne.
Edward, the Black Prince: Edward, the Black Prince, was the eldest son of Edward III and father of Richard II. His death before Edward III made Richard the unexpected heir to the throne.
Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester: Thomas of Woodstock was a son of Edward III and a leading opponent of Richard II. As a Lord Appellant, he helped drive the crisis that constrained Richard in 1388.
Radcot Bridge: The Battle of Radcot Bridge was a 1387 skirmish in which forces loyal to the Lords Appellant defeated royal troops. The defeat ended Richard’s attempt to confront his opponents by force.
Lancastrian dynasty: The Lancastrian dynasty was the branch of the House of Plantagenet that ruled England from 1399 to 1461 and again from 1470 to 1471. Henry IV founded its royal rule by replacing Richard on the throne.
Lords Appellant: The Lords Appellant were a group of English nobles who challenged Richard II’s government in 1387. Their armed challenge and victory at Radcot Bridge forced Richard to accept political constraints.
Edward III of England: Edward III was king of England from 1327 to 1377 and grandfather of Richard II. His long reign and dynastic legacy formed the inheritance Richard received as a child.
Robert de Vere, Duke of Ireland: Robert de Vere was a royal favorite of Richard II and duke of Ireland. His influence at court provoked noble hostility and his defeat at Radcot Bridge weakened Richard.
Revenge Parliament: The Revenge Parliament was the 1397–1398 session in which Richard II punished former opponents and strengthened royal power. Its reprisals showed Richard’s regained control, but intensified resentment among nobles.
Wars of the Roses: The Wars of the Roses were a series of civil conflicts between rival branches of the English royal house in the fifteenth century. The contested legitimacy of Henry IV’s accession fed later disputes over the crown.

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