Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi

Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi was an Austrian-Japanese political thinker who founded the Pan-European movement and advocated European political unity.

Pan-European Union: A movement founded in 1923 to promote political and economic unity among European states. Coudenhove-Kalergi founded this organization to advance his program for European union.
European federation: A political union in which European states share authority under common institutions. He proposed federation as the political form of a united Europe.
Aristide Briand: A French statesman who served as prime minister and foreign minister and promoted European cooperation. Briand publicly advanced a European federation proposal in 1929, echoing themes in Coudenhove-Kalergi’s work.
European integration: The process through which European countries deepen cooperation and share institutions or policies. His campaign was an early organized effort to make integration a political project.
European nationalism: Political movements that prioritize national sovereignty, identity, and interests over European integration. His federation proposal challenged nationalism’s emphasis on separate state interests.
Pan-Europa: A 1923 book by Coudenhove-Kalergi proposing a federation of European states. This manifesto set out the political case that launched his movement.
Franco-German reconciliation: The process of replacing rivalry between France and Germany with sustained cooperation. He regarded cooperation between these former rivals as essential to European unity.
Otto von Habsburg: A European political figure who led the Pan-European Union from 1973 to 2004. He continued leading the organization Coudenhove-Kalergi had founded.
European flag: A blue flag bearing a circle of twelve gold stars, used by European institutions. The Pan-European movement used a cross-and-sun emblem before the later flag became widespread.
Fascism: An authoritarian ultranationalist political ideology that subordinates individuals to a centralized state. He opposed fascist movements and their rejection of liberal, cooperative European politics.

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