Rift lake

A lake occupying a basin formed as Earth’s crust stretches, fractures, and subsides within a rift zone. Rift lakes can be deep, elongated, and bounded by steep fault scarps.

Continental rifting: The stretching and thinning of continental lithosphere, which can develop into a rift valley or a new ocean basin. Rift lakes form where continental extension lowers the crust into fault-bounded basins.
Lake Baikal: A vast freshwater lake in Siberia occupying an active continental rift and reaching exceptional depth. Baikal is a prominent example of a deep lake in a slowly extending continental rift.
Lake stratification: The layering of lake water into zones with different temperatures or densities that resist mixing. Deep rift lakes can remain stratified, controlling oxygen and nutrient conditions at depth.
East African Rift: A zone of active continental extension stretching through eastern Africa and dividing into several branches. It contains many of the best-known rift lakes, including Tanganyika and Malawi.
Glacial lake: A lake formed or substantially reshaped by glaciers and their deposits. Glacial excavation or damming, rather than tectonic subsidence, creates its basin.
Normal fault: A fault along which the hanging wall moves downward relative to the footwall under extension. Normal faults commonly bound the steep sides of rift-lake basins.
Lake Tanganyika: A deep freshwater lake in East Africa occupying part of the western branch of the East African Rift. Its long, steep-sided basin shows the scale rifting can give a lake.
Meromictic lake: A lake whose deep water does not mix completely with its surface water each year. Some deep rift lakes retain isolated bottom waters that accumulate dissolved substances.
Baikal Rift Zone: An active continental rift system in southern Siberia that contains Lake Baikal. Its ongoing extension formed the basin of the world’s deepest lake.
Volcanic crater lake: A lake occupying a volcanic crater or caldera. Volcanic collapse or eruption forms its basin, although volcanism can also accompany rifting.

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