RNA editing

RNA editing alters an RNA molecule’s nucleotide sequence after transcription through insertion, deletion, or substitution. It can change coding information or RNA function without changing the underlying DNA sequence.

A-to-I RNA editing: A form of RNA editing in which adenosine is converted to inosine, which cellular machinery often reads as guanosine. This common substitution changes RNA base-pairing and can alter encoded proteins or RNA regulation.
Transcription: The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase. RNA editing acts on the RNA product after transcription has produced it.
Apolipoprotein B: A protein found in lipoproteins, produced in different forms from edited and unedited APOB messenger RNA. C-to-U editing creates a stop codon that yields the shorter ApoB-48 protein.
RNA splicing: The removal of introns and joining of exons in a precursor RNA molecule. Splicing rearranges existing RNA segments; editing changes nucleotides within the sequence.
C-to-U RNA editing: A form of RNA editing in which cytidine is converted to uridine. This substitution can create a stop codon or change a protein’s amino-acid sequence.
RNA: A nucleic acid usually composed of single-stranded chains of ribonucleotides. Editing changes the nucleotide sequence of RNA molecules.
Glutamate receptor: A receptor protein that mediates excitatory signaling by glutamate in the nervous system. A-to-I editing of receptor transcripts can alter ion permeability and signaling properties.
Alternative splicing: The regulated production of different RNA isoforms by selecting different splice sites or exon combinations. It diversifies transcripts by exon selection rather than nucleotide editing.
Guide RNA: An RNA molecule that directs a molecular complex to a complementary nucleic-acid sequence. Guide RNAs specify insertion and deletion sites in several RNA-editing systems.
Nucleotide: A molecule consisting of a nitrogenous base, sugar, and phosphate group, serving as a nucleic-acid building block. Insertion, deletion, and substitution editing alter nucleotide sequence.

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