Road pricing

Road pricing charges drivers for using roads or entering designated areas. Charges can vary by time, distance, vehicle, or location to manage demand and raise revenue.

Congestion pricing: Road charges that vary to reduce traffic congestion, often by time or location. It targets crowded roads and peak periods by making scarce road space more costly.
Singapore Electronic Road Pricing: Singapore's electronic system charges vehicles entering selected roads, with rates adjusted to manage traffic. It is a long-running example of variable urban road charges.
Induced demand: An increase in travel that follows added road capacity or reduced travel costs. Lowering the effective cost of driving can erode congestion relief through additional trips.
Road-pricing technology: Methods for detecting road use and calculating or collecting charges, including cameras, tags, and satellite positioning. The chosen technology determines what road use can be measured and how charges can be enforced.
Electronic toll collection: Systems that identify vehicles and collect tolls electronically without requiring cash payment at a booth. Automated identification enables road charges to be collected without stopping traffic.
London congestion charge: A daily charge for most motor vehicles driven within a designated area of central London. It shows how a city can charge for driving within a central zone.
Travel demand management: Policies that influence when, where, or how people travel to improve transport-system performance. Road pricing is a demand-management tool that works through the cost of travel.
Location privacy: The protection of information about where people travel and when they travel there. Fine-grained distance charging can create sensitive records of vehicle movements.
Distance-based road pricing: A charging system that bases road-use fees on the distance a vehicle travels. It links each charge to the amount of road use rather than a single entry point.
Stockholm congestion tax: A time-varying charge on vehicles entering or leaving central Stockholm on weekdays. It demonstrates a cordon scheme with charges that change by time of day.

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