Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research

A biomedical research institution founded in New York City in 1901 by John D. Rockefeller. Renamed Rockefeller University in 1965, it helped establish laboratory research as a central part of American medicine.

John D. Rockefeller: An American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Standard Oil Company and endowed major institutions. His 1901 gift established the institute.
Simon Flexner: An American physician and pathologist who served as the Rockefeller Institute's first director. He organized the institute's early research program and led it for decades.
DNA as the transforming principle: The finding that DNA, rather than protein, carries hereditary information in pneumococcus bacteria. Avery and colleagues established this result through experiments conducted at the institute.
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine: A Baltimore medical school founded in 1893 that integrated scientific research, clinical practice, and medical education. Unlike this research-only institute at its founding, Hopkins combined research with medical training.
Frederick T. Gates: An American Baptist minister and philanthropist who advised John D. Rockefeller on charitable giving. He helped shape the proposal for a medical research institute.
Oswald Avery: A Canadian-American physician and researcher whose work showed that DNA carries hereditary information in bacteria. His Rockefeller laboratory produced the landmark transformation experiments.
Nerve growth factor: A signaling protein that promotes the growth and survival of certain nerve cells. Levi-Montalcini and Stanley Cohen discovered it through Rockefeller research.
Pasteur Institute: A French biomedical research institution founded in Paris in 1887 by Louis Pasteur. It offered an earlier European model for an independent institute devoted to medical research.
William H. Welch: An American physician and pathologist who helped build modern medical education and research in the United States. He advised Rockefeller on the institute's founding and early direction.
Rita Levi-Montalcini: An Italian-American neurobiologist who discovered nerve growth factor and shared the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Her Rockefeller research established nerve growth factor's role in nervous-system development.

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