Rolling resistance

Rolling resistance is the force or torque that opposes a rolling body’s motion. It arises from deformation and other dissipative effects at the contact and within the materials.

Hysteresis: A material’s response depends partly on its previous deformation or loading history. Cyclic deformation in a rolling tire dissipates energy through hysteresis.
Rolling resistance coefficient: A dimensionless measure of rolling resistance relative to the load supporting a rolling body. It allows tire and surface resistance to be compared under specified test conditions.
Aerodynamic drag: The force opposing an object’s motion through air or another fluid. It grows with air speed and is distinct from losses at the rolling contact.
Rolling motion: Motion combining rotation about an axis with translation of the body’s center. Rolling resistance is defined by the opposition encountered during this combined motion.
Tire rolling resistance: The energy loss and opposing force produced as a tire rolls under load. It is a prominent practical case of rolling resistance, shaped by tire construction and inflation.
Fuel efficiency: A measure of useful travel or work obtained per unit of fuel consumed. Vehicle rolling resistance contributes to the energy demand that fuel must supply.
Sliding friction: The force opposing surfaces that move tangentially across one another. Sliding friction involves relative slip, unlike ideal rolling without slip.
Deformation: A change in an object’s shape or dimensions under applied forces. The contact region and rolling body deform under load.
Contact mechanics: The study of forces and deformations where bodies touch. The changing contact patch determines how rolling bodies deform and recover.
Electric vehicle efficiency: The proportion of electrical energy converted into vehicle motion and other useful outputs. Reducing tire rolling resistance can extend an electric vehicle’s range.

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