Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula

The series of Roman campaigns that brought the Iberian Peninsula under Roman control, beginning in 218 BCE and ending with the subjugation of northern peoples in 19 BCE.

Roman invasion of the Iberian Peninsula: The Roman landing in northeastern Iberia in 218 BCE during the Second Punic War. The landing at Emporion opened Rome’s military campaign against Carthage in Iberia.
Carthaginian Iberia: The territories and networks controlled by Carthage in the Iberian Peninsula before Roman expansion. Carthaginian power made Iberia a central theater of the conflict that brought Rome there.
Scipio Africanus: A Roman general who helped expel Carthaginian forces from Iberia during the Second Punic War. His victories at New Carthage and Ilipa dismantled Carthage’s Iberian position.
Romanization of Hispania: The spread and adaptation of Roman institutions, language, and cultural practices in Hispania. Conquest initiated uneven changes that reshaped communities across the peninsula.
Roman Republic: The political system of Rome from the end of its monarchy to the establishment of imperial rule. The republican state organized the armies and provincial expansion that conquered Iberia.
Second Punic War: The war between Rome and Carthage from 218 to 201 BCE, fought across the western Mediterranean. Its Iberian campaigns created Rome’s initial foothold on the peninsula.
First Punic War: The war between Rome and Carthage from 264 to 241 BCE, fought mainly over Sicily and the western Mediterranean. Carthage’s loss of Sicily encouraged its expansion into Iberia.
Hannibal: A Carthaginian general who fought Rome in the Second Punic War and invaded Italy across the Alps. His Iberian command made the peninsula the launching ground for his war against Rome.
Via Augusta: A major Roman road linking the Pyrenees with southern Hispania and the Mediterranean coast. Road networks helped connect conquered territories to Roman armies and administration.
Carthage: An ancient Phoenician-founded city-state in North Africa that became Rome’s principal western Mediterranean rival. Carthage controlled much of Iberia before Roman forces displaced it.

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