Roman Kingdom

The early period of Roman history, traditionally dated from 753 to 509 BCE, when Rome was ruled by kings. Its historical details are difficult to separate from later Roman legend.

Founding of Rome: The legendary establishment of Rome by Romulus, traditionally dated to 753 BCE. The kingdom’s traditional beginning is the foundation attributed to Romulus.
Roman kingship: The supreme political and religious office held by Rome’s kings before the republic. It defines the central form of authority during the kingdom.
Numa Pompilius: The legendary second king of Rome, credited with establishing religious rites and institutions. Roman tradition casts him as the king who gave the city much of its religious order.
Roman Republic: The period of Roman government traditionally beginning in 509 BCE, ruled through elected magistrates and civic institutions. It followed the kingship and rejected the idea of a permanent king.
Romulus: The legendary founder and first king of Rome, paired in myth with his twin brother Remus. Roman tradition made Romulus both the city’s founder and its first ruler.
Roman Senate: A political council in Rome whose membership and powers changed across the monarchy, republic, and empire. Tradition describes the Senate as advising kings and representing leading families.
Tullus Hostilius: The legendary third king of Rome, remembered for military expansion and the destruction of Alba Longa. His reign represents the kingdom’s expansion through warfare.
Roman Empire: The Roman state under imperial rule, conventionally beginning with Augustus in 27 BCE. Its later concentration of power in an emperor contrasts with the monarchy’s legendary ending and the intervening republic.
Remus: Romulus’s twin brother in Roman foundation legend, killed during the conflict over the new city. His story forms the violent counterpart to the kingdom’s founding tradition.
Roman assemblies: Assemblies of Roman citizens that voted on public matters and organized civic membership. The Curiate Assembly is traditionally associated with royal elections and public decisions.

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