Rosa Parks

Rosa Parks was an American civil rights activist whose 1955 refusal to surrender her bus seat helped spark the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

Jo Ann Robinson: Jo Ann Robinson was an educator and civil rights activist who led the Women’s Political Council in Montgomery. She helped organize the boycott response to Parks’s arrest and mobilized Black women across Montgomery.
Montgomery Bus Boycott: The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a 1955–1956 protest against racial segregation on city buses in Montgomery, Alabama. Parks’s arrest became the catalyst for this 381-day mass protest.
Browder v. Gayle: Browder v. Gayle was a federal court case that ruled racial segregation on Montgomery’s public buses unconstitutional. The ruling ended the bus segregation challenged by the boycott, though Parks was not a plaintiff.
Civil disobedience: Civil disobedience is the deliberate breach of a law or rule to protest its injustice. Parks’s refusal became a widely recognized example of nonviolent resistance to segregation.
E. D. Nixon: E. D. Nixon was a labor leader and civil rights activist who helped organize the Montgomery Bus Boycott. He supported Parks after her arrest and helped bring the case to movement leaders.
Women’s Political Council: The Women’s Political Council was a Black women’s civic organization in Montgomery that campaigned against racial discrimination. Its leaders had prepared to mobilize a bus protest before Parks was arrested.
Civil Rights Act of 1957: The Civil Rights Act of 1957 was the first federal civil rights legislation enacted in the United States since Reconstruction. Parks’s post-boycott work included involvement in the struggle that brought civil rights back onto the federal agenda.
Montgomery bus segregation: Montgomery bus segregation was the system of racial separation imposed on public buses in Montgomery, Alabama. Parks’s action directly challenged the bus rules and practices governing Black passengers.
Martin Luther King Jr.: Martin Luther King Jr. was a Baptist minister and civil rights leader who became a central figure in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. The boycott elevated King as a movement leader alongside Parks’s long-standing local activism.
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People: The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People is a civil rights organization founded in 1909 to oppose racial discrimination. Parks served as secretary of its Montgomery branch and worked on local civil rights campaigns.

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