Royal assent

Royal assent is the monarch’s formal approval of a bill after it has passed through the legislature. It completes the bill’s passage into law in jurisdictions that use this procedure.

Bill (law): A proposed law under consideration by a legislature. Royal assent applies to a bill that has completed the legislature’s required stages.
Presidential assent: A president’s formal approval of legislation, where a constitution makes such approval part of enactment. It performs a comparable approval function in republics rather than monarchies.
Royal assent in the United Kingdom: The formal approval of bills by the British monarch, conventionally given after passage by both Houses of Parliament. The United Kingdom provides a prominent example of assent as a constitutional formality.
English Parliament: The legislature that developed in England from medieval royal councils and evolved into a representative institution. Its relationship with the Crown shaped the parliamentary practice of seeking royal approval.
Act of Parliament: A law enacted by the Parliament of the United Kingdom after completing the required legislative stages. Royal assent turns a completed bill into an Act of Parliament.
Legislative process: The procedures through which a legislature considers and enacts proposed laws. Assent is the final formal stage in this process in monarchies that require it.
Pocket veto: A veto that takes effect when an executive leaves a bill unsigned under specified constitutional conditions. It shows how failure to sign can block legislation, unlike assent by approval.
Royal assent in Canada: The formal approval that completes enactment of federal and provincial legislation in Canada. Canada uses royal assent within a federal system and permits it to be given by representatives of the Crown.
English Civil War: A series of conflicts from 1642 to 1651 between supporters of King Charles I and his opponents. The conflict and its aftermath transformed debates over the Crown’s power in lawmaking.
Constitutional monarchy: A system in which a monarch is head of state while constitutional rules limit or direct the exercise of political power. Assent exemplifies how a monarch’s formal authority can coexist with government by elected institutions.

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