Rumination

Rumination is repetitive thought that dwells on distressing experiences, their causes, or their consequences. It tends to recur without resolving the distress or producing effective action.

Repetitive negative thinking: A pattern of recurring, intrusive thought focused on negative topics and difficult to disengage from. Rumination is one form of this broader pattern.
Depression: A mental disorder marked by persistent low mood or loss of interest, alongside other symptoms. Rumination is common in depression and can prolong depressed mood.
Worry: Repeated thought focused mainly on uncertain future threats and possible negative outcomes. Worry tends toward future possibilities, while rumination often revisits past distress.
Rumination-focused cognitive behavioral therapy: A cognitive behavioral therapy that targets rumination through functional analysis and changes in thinking and behavior. It directly addresses rumination as a learned pattern that can be interrupted.
Attentional bias: The tendency to notice or prioritize some information over other information. Selective attention to distress-related cues can keep rumination active.
Anxiety: A state of apprehension and heightened anticipation of possible threat. Repetitive focus on distress and its consequences can accompany anxiety.
Reflection: Deliberate consideration of experiences, ideas, or actions to understand them. Reflection can produce insight; rumination tends to repeat without reaching resolution.
Cognitive behavioral therapy: A structured psychotherapy that changes unhelpful patterns of thought and behavior. Rumination is a target within several cognitive behavioral approaches.
Cognitive control: Mental processes that regulate attention, thought, and goal-directed behavior. Difficulty redirecting attention can make recurring thoughts harder to interrupt.
Stress: A response to demands or threats that challenge an organism’s capacity to cope. Rumination can extend the psychological response to a stressful event.

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