Russian conquest of Central Asia

The Russian Empire’s nineteenth-century military expansion into Central Asia brought the region’s khanates and territories under Russian control, creating Russian Turkestan and protectorates.

Russian Turkestan: The Russian Empire’s colonial territory in Central Asia, governed from Tashkent from 1867. Its creation consolidated conquered territories into an imperial administration.
Russian Empire: A Eurasian empire ruled by the Romanov dynasty from 1721 to 1917. Its ambitions and institutions drove the campaigns into Central Asia.
Konstantin von Kaufman: A Russian general who governed Russian Turkestan from 1867 to 1882. He directed major campaigns and organized the new colonial administration.
Russian Turkestan Governor-Generalship: The imperial administrative unit established in 1867 to govern Russian possessions in Central Asia. It institutionalized direct rule over conquered territories.
Russian protectorate: A state formally retaining its ruler while surrendering substantial foreign-policy and political autonomy to Russia. Protectorates contrasted with territories incorporated under direct Russian administration.
Khanate of Kokand: A Central Asian state centered on the Fergana Valley that Russia annexed in 1876. Its annexation extended direct Russian rule across the Fergana Valley.
Great Game: The nineteenth-century strategic rivalry between the British and Russian empires in Central Asia. British concern about Russian advances shaped the conquest’s wider geopolitical context.
Mikhail Skobelev: A Russian general who led the conquest of the Khanate of Kokand and the assault on Geok Tepe. His campaigns extended Russian control in the Fergana Valley and Transcaspia.
Russian colonization of Central Asia: The settlement of Russian subjects and restructuring of land and society under imperial rule in Central Asia. Colonial settlement followed conquest and intensified competition over land.
Russian annexation: The formal incorporation of territory into the Russian Empire. Annexation was a different route to control than protectorate rule in Bukhara and Khiva.

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