Russian emigration

Russian emigration was the departure of millions of people from Russia during and after the revolutions and Civil War, with many settling abroad.

Russian Revolution: The political upheaval of 1917 that ended the Russian monarchy and brought the Bolsheviks to power. The revolutions of 1917 began the upheaval that pushed many people to leave.
White émigré: A person who left Russia after the revolution, often associated with opposition to the Bolsheviks or the White movement. White émigrés made up a prominent, politically diverse part of the post-revolutionary diaspora.
Russian diaspora: Communities of people of Russian origin living outside Russia and their descendants. The emigrants became one major historical layer of a wider global diaspora.
Russian emigration before 1917: Migration from the Russian Empire before the revolutions of 1917, including labor migration and political exile. Earlier departures had different political conditions and included large-scale labor migration.
Russian Civil War: The conflict from 1917 to 1922 between the Bolshevik government and its opponents, alongside other competing forces. Fighting and the Bolshevik victory drove refugees and defeated opponents abroad.
Vladimir Nabokov: A Russian-born novelist and poet who wrote in Russian and English after leaving Russia in 1919. His life and writing exemplify the cultural work of exile across languages.
Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia: An Orthodox Christian church jurisdiction formed by Russian clergy and communities outside Soviet control. It institutionalized religious life for many émigrés separated from the Soviet church.
Soviet dissident: A person who openly opposed or criticized political authority in the Soviet Union. Dissident departures occurred under a later state and distinct patterns of repression.
October Revolution: The Bolshevik seizure of power in Petrograd in October 1917, which established a new revolutionary government. It sharply intensified departures among groups opposed to Bolshevik rule.
Marc Chagall: A Russian-born modernist artist whose career took him from the Russian Empire to France and the United States. His successive migrations show how political upheaval redirected artists’ lives.

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