Russification

Russification is the promotion of Russian language and culture among populations of the Russian Empire and, later, the Soviet Union. It included policies affecting education, administration, religion, and public life.

Ems Ukaz: An 1876 decree that sharply restricted Ukrainian-language publications and performances in the Russian Empire. It demonstrates how imperial authorities used censorship to limit a language deemed a challenge to Russian unity.
Russian Empire: A multinational state ruled by the Romanov dynasty from 1721 until the 1917 Revolution. Russification developed as one approach to governing this empire's diverse populations.
Mikhail Katkov: A Russian journalist and publisher who advocated autocracy and Russian national unity in the late nineteenth century. His influential newspapers argued for stronger cultural and political integration.
Ukrainian national revival: A nineteenth-century movement that cultivated Ukrainian language, literature, history, and national identity. Its cultural work challenged the claim that Ukrainians were merely a branch of a single Russian nation.
Valuev Circular: A 1863 Russian ministerial directive restricting Ukrainian religious and educational publications. It curtailed Ukrainian-language publishing before the more sweeping Ems Ukaz.
Nicholas I of Russia: Russian emperor from 1825 to 1855, whose reign emphasized autocracy, Orthodoxy, and imperial order. His reign strengthened official nationality as a framework for imperial integration.
Konstantin Pobedonostsev: A Russian jurist and conservative statesman who served as chief procurator of the Holy Synod from 1880 to 1905. He supported Orthodox religious authority and policies that reinforced imperial conformity.
Polish nationalism: Political and cultural movements seeking to preserve or restore Polish national life and sovereignty. Its persistence opposed the cultural assimilation sought by Russian authorities.
Russian language: An East Slavic language written primarily in the Cyrillic alphabet and spoken widely across Eurasia. Promoting Russian in schools and administration was a central instrument of the policy.
Sergei Uvarov: A Russian statesman and minister of education who formulated the slogan Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality. His formula articulated an influential model of state-backed Russian identity.

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