Sámi languages

The Sámi languages are a branch of the Uralic language family spoken across Sápmi in northern Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia. They include several distinct languages, some of which are not mutually intelligible.

Uralic languages: A language family that includes Sámi, Finnish, Estonian, and Hungarian. Sámi languages form one branch of this wider family.
Northern Sámi: The most widely spoken Sámi language, used chiefly in Norway, Sweden, and Finland. It is the largest language in the branch by number of speakers.
Sámi prehistory: The study of Sámi populations and cultures before written historical records. It offers context for the branch's formation across northern Fennoscandia.
Sámi language revitalization: Efforts to increase the transmission and everyday use of Sámi languages. Revitalization responds to language shift and declining intergenerational transmission.
Sámi language shift: The decline in the use of Sámi languages as speakers adopt dominant regional languages. Language shift has reduced transmission in several Sámi-speaking communities.
Proto-Samic language: The reconstructed ancestor of the Sámi languages. Comparative evidence traces the branch's languages back to this common ancestor.
Lule Sámi: A Sámi language spoken mainly in parts of Norway and Sweden. Its distinct grammar and community show that Sámi is not a single language.
Sámi languages in the Middle Ages: The historical development and documentation of Sámi languages during the medieval period. Medieval contacts and records mark a stage in the branch's history.
Sámi language education: Teaching and learning Sámi languages in schools and other educational settings. Education supports language transmission and expands opportunities for use.
Sámi language rights: Rights concerning the use, teaching, and public recognition of Sámi languages. These rights address the effects of marginalization and support continued use.

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