San peoples

The San are Indigenous peoples of southern Africa with diverse communities, histories, and languages, many traditionally associated with hunting and gathering. Some San languages are known for their click consonants.

Juǀʼhoansi: A San people of northeastern Namibia and northwestern Botswana whose language is Juǀʼhoan. Their ethnography and language are among the best-documented examples of San lifeways.
Southern African Stone Age: The long archaeological sequence of human activity in southern Africa, from early stone tools to recent prehistory. It provides the deep-time setting often invoked in accounts of San history.
Tuu languages: A family of endangered languages of southern Africa that includes Nǁng and ǃXóõ. Several languages historically spoken by San communities belong to this family.
Land rights in Botswana: Legal and political claims concerning access to and control of land in Botswana. Relocations from the Central Kalahari Game Reserve became a prominent San land-rights dispute.
Indigenous identity: A social and political identity grounded in a people’s historical continuity, distinct culture, and relationship to ancestral territory. San communities assert varied identities that cannot be reduced to a single subsistence tradition.
Nǁng language: A moribund Tuu language of South Africa, also called Nǁng or Nǀuu. Katrina Esau has worked to preserve this language and pass it to younger generations.
Rock art of southern Africa: Prehistoric and historic paintings and engravings found across southern Africa. Some images are associated with San artists, though attribution and interpretation vary by site.
Kxʼa languages: A language family of southern Africa comprising ǂʼAmkoe and the Ju languages. Juǀʼhoan belongs to this family, which is distinct from Tuu.
Central Kalahari Game Reserve: A large protected area in Botswana, established in 1961 in the Kalahari. The reserve became central to conflicts over San residence, access, and relocation.
San languages: A non-genealogical grouping of languages historically spoken by San communities in southern Africa. Their diversity and endangerment make language central to cultural continuity and public debates.

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