Sanger sequencing

Sanger sequencing determines a DNA sequence by incorporating chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides into growing DNA strands and identifying the resulting fragments by length.

Dideoxynucleotide: A nucleotide analog lacking the 3′ hydroxyl group needed to extend a DNA strand. Its missing 3′ hydroxyl stops strand extension at each incorporated base.
Frederick Sanger: A British biochemist who developed methods for sequencing proteins and DNA and received two Nobel Prizes in Chemistry. He devised the chain-termination method that bears his name.
DNA: A molecule composed of nucleotide chains that stores hereditary information in most organisms. Sanger sequencing reads the base order in DNA molecules.
DNA cloning: The production of copies of a DNA fragment, often by inserting it into a replicating vector. Sanger sequencing commonly verifies inserts and mutations in cloned constructs.
Pyrosequencing: A DNA sequencing method that detects light produced when nucleotide incorporation releases pyrophosphate. It detects nucleotide incorporation through a biochemical signal rather than terminating fragments.
DNA polymerase: An enzyme that synthesizes DNA by adding nucleotides to a template strand. It copies the template and incorporates ordinary or chain-terminating nucleotides.
Maxam–Gilbert sequencing: A DNA sequencing method that uses base-specific chemical cleavage of labeled DNA fragments. It was the other major first-generation sequencing method, based on chemical cleavage rather than synthesis.
Nucleotide: A molecular unit containing a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. DNA strands are assembled from nucleotides, including the terminating analogs.
Mutation: A change in the nucleotide sequence of genetic material. Sequencing individual regions can identify substitutions and small insertions or deletions.
Illumina sequencing: A sequencing-by-synthesis technology that identifies bases through fluorescent imaging of reversibly terminated nucleotides. It sequences many fragments in parallel using reversible termination.

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