Sanitary sewer

A pipe or network that carries wastewater from buildings to a treatment facility or disposal point, separate from stormwater drainage.

Building drain: A pipe that carries wastewater from a building’s plumbing to its sewer connection. It is the first stage of the building-to-sewer flow path.
Wastewater: Water altered by domestic, commercial, or industrial use and containing dissolved or suspended waste. It is the material sanitary sewers are designed to convey.
Public health: The organized protection and improvement of health across populations. Collecting sewage limits human exposure to pathogens and contaminated surroundings.
London sewerage system: The network of sewers built in London after the Great Stink of 1858 to intercept sewage and protect the Thames. Its construction became a landmark example of large-scale sanitary sewer infrastructure.
Gravity sewer: A sewer that conveys wastewater downhill through pipes using gravity. Most sanitary networks rely on gravity to move flow without continuous pumping.
Sewer main: A large public sewer pipe that collects flow from smaller connecting sewers. It forms the shared backbone receiving flow from sewer laterals.
Urbanization: The growth of cities and the increasing concentration of people in urban areas. Dense settlements depend on sewer networks to manage large wastewater volumes.
Great Stink: A severe 1858 episode of river-borne sewage odor in London that spurred sewer construction. The crisis helped drive political support for London’s modern sewer network.
Lift station: A facility that pumps wastewater from a lower elevation to a higher sewer or treatment point. It moves sewage where terrain prevents gravity flow.
Sanitary sewer overflow: An unplanned release of untreated or partially treated sewage from a sanitary sewer system. It can occur when capacity, blockages, or equipment failures impede conveyance.

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