Satyagraha

Satyagraha is a method of resistance grounded in truth and nonviolence, in which participants accept suffering without retaliation to oppose injustice.

Ahimsa: A principle of nonviolence toward living beings in Indian religious and ethical traditions. Satyagraha makes nonviolence an active discipline of resistance rather than merely a personal ethic.
Mahatma Gandhi: Indian political and spiritual leader who led campaigns against colonial rule and developed satyagraha as a method of resistance. Gandhi named, developed, and led the best-known satyagraha campaigns.
Champaran Satyagraha: A 1917 campaign in Bihar in which Gandhi supported indigo farmers resisting coercive plantation arrangements. It was Gandhi’s first major satyagraha campaign in India.
Martin Luther King Jr.: American civil rights leader who organized nonviolent campaigns against racial segregation and discrimination. King adapted Gandhian nonviolence to the struggle for Black civil rights in the United States.
Pacifism: A range of ethical or political positions that reject war and, in some forms, all violence. Satyagraha requires active resistance, while pacifism can describe a broader opposition to violence without a resistance method.
Civil disobedience: The deliberate, public breach of a law judged unjust, usually undertaken to change policy or expose injustice. Refusing unjust laws is one way satyagrahis confront authority without using violence.
South African Indian resistance: The campaigns by Indians in South Africa against discriminatory laws and restrictions in the early twentieth century. Gandhi developed satyagraha while organizing resistance to anti-Indian policies there.
Kheda Satyagraha: A 1918 campaign in Gujarat in which farmers withheld land revenue during crop failure and famine conditions. The campaign applied collective nonpayment to a dispute over colonial taxation.
Nelson Mandela: South African anti-apartheid leader who became the country’s first Black president after the end of apartheid. Mandela and the African National Congress drew selectively on Gandhian methods amid changing resistance strategies.
Armed resistance: Political or military opposition that uses weapons and physical force against an adversary. Satyagraha rejects retaliation and coercive violence as means of resisting injustice.

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