Scala

Scala is a statically typed programming language that combines object-oriented and functional programming. It runs on the Java Virtual Machine and interoperates with Java.

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Type inference: Type inference determines types from program expressions, reducing the need for explicit type annotations. Scala infers many types while retaining static checks, including across generic expressions.
Scala compiler: The Scala compiler translates Scala source code into executable representations, including JVM bytecode. It checks types and compiles Scala programs for the Java Virtual Machine.
Martin Odersky: Martin Odersky is a computer scientist who designed Scala and led its development. His language-design work shaped Scala’s type system and programming model.
Apache Spark: Apache Spark is a distributed computing engine for processing large datasets across clusters. Spark’s core APIs and ecosystem have substantial Scala support.
Kotlin: Kotlin is a statically typed language that targets the JVM and interoperates with Java. Both modernize JVM development, but Kotlin generally favors a smaller, more Java-familiar language.
Algebraic data type: An algebraic data type combines a fixed set of alternatives, product fields, or both. Scala models alternatives with sealed traits and case classes, then examines them with pattern matching.
Java Virtual Machine: The Java Virtual Machine is a runtime environment that executes bytecode and manages program execution. Scala’s JVM implementation compiles to bytecode that this runtime can execute.
Funnel programming language: Funnel is a functional programming language developed by Martin Odersky and Philip Wadler. Its functional ideas contributed to the lineage from which Scala developed.
Apache Pekko: Apache Pekko is a toolkit for building concurrent, distributed, and resilient applications. Its Scala APIs support actor-based systems and distributed services.
Haskell: Haskell is a statically typed functional programming language with non-strict evaluation and a strong emphasis on purity. Haskell offers a more purely functional model than Scala’s deliberate blend of paradigms.