Scientific misconduct

Scientific misconduct is intentional or reckless wrongdoing in research, especially fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism. It undermines the reliability of the research record.

Research misconduct: Research misconduct is serious wrongdoing that violates standards of research integrity. The broader category includes the three core forms named in this concept.
Scientific fraud: Scientific fraud is deliberate deception in the conduct or reporting of scientific research. This overlapping term emphasizes intentional deception within misconduct cases.
Diederik Stapel: Diederik Stapel is a former Dutch social psychologist found to have fabricated data in numerous studies. His case involved extensive fabrication across a large body of published work.
Questionable research practices: Questionable research practices are research decisions that can bias findings without meeting formal definitions of misconduct. They can damage evidence while remaining outside the narrow fabrication-falsification-plagiarism definition.
Fabrication (research): Fabrication is making up data or results and recording or reporting them as genuine. It is one of the three forms of misconduct identified in the definition.
Research ethics: Research ethics is the field of principles governing responsible research involving people, animals, and knowledge. Misconduct is one breach within the wider ethical responsibilities of research.
Andrew Wakefield: Andrew Wakefield is a former physician whose 1998 paper linking the MMR vaccine to autism was retracted. The case illustrates misconduct findings, conflicts of interest, and lasting public-health harm.
P-hacking: P-hacking is selectively analyzing or reporting data until statistically significant results appear. It illustrates a harmful practice often distinguished from formal misconduct.
Falsification (research): Falsification is manipulating research materials, processes, or data so the research record is inaccurate. It describes distortion of existing research rather than invention of results.
Peer review: Peer review is the evaluation of scholarly work by experts before or after publication. Review can identify problems, but it is not designed to reliably detect deliberate fraud.

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