Scientific socialism

Scientific socialism is a socialist doctrine, chiefly associated with Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, that presents socialism as a conclusion of historical and economic analysis rather than a moral ideal alone.

Historical materialism: A theory that explains historical change through material conditions and the organization of production. It supplies the framework for treating socialism as a development of history.
Capital accumulation: The reinvestment of profits to expand capital and production. Marx analyzed accumulation as a force reshaping production and intensifying capitalist competition.
Karl Marx: A nineteenth-century German philosopher and political economist who co-founded Marxism. His critique of political economy and account of class struggle shaped the doctrine.
Democratic socialism: A political tradition that seeks socialism through democratic institutions and political participation. It emphasizes democratic strategy rather than a predicted historical transition as its defining commitment.
Second International: An international organization of socialist and labor parties founded in 1889. Its parties debated how Marxist analysis should guide political action.
Class struggle: Conflict between social classes over power, resources, and the organization of society. Scientific socialism identifies class conflict as a driver of historical change.
Reserve army of labour: Marx’s term for unemployed or underemployed workers available to employers. It helps explain wage pressure and workers’ insecurity under capitalism.
Friedrich Engels: A German social theorist and political activist who collaborated with Karl Marx. He helped formulate and popularize the doctrine, including in its later name.
Anarchism: A political tradition that opposes hierarchical authority, especially the state. Anarchists disputed Marxist approaches that treated state power as a necessary transition.
Bolshevism: The revolutionary Marxist political movement led by Vladimir Lenin in Russia. It adapted Marxist doctrine to a strategy of party-led revolution.

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